- 4.07 MB
- 2021-04-16 发布
若有所“
指
”“
代
”替万千
高三阅读技能指导之
In many ways my disability has made me grow stronger and more independent. I have had to work hard to live a normal life, but it has been worth it. If I had the chance to say one thing to healthy kids, it would be this: Just having a disability doesn’t mean your life is not satisfying. So don’t feel sorry for the disabled or make fun of
them
, and don’t ignore
them
either. Just accept
them
for who
they
are and give
them
encouragement to li
ve
as rich and full a life as you do.
Substitute word
替代词
Reference
指代
指代
(reference)
是作者为了避免 ，让行文简练，在文中使用一些
(substitute words)
来表示上文中已经提到过或下文即将提到的人物或事物（
词
或
短语
，甚至
句子
)
。
重复
替代词
What is reference?
2017
全国
I
卷
C
篇
29.What does the underlined word “
that
” in Paragraph 3
refer to
?
2017
全国
I
卷
D
篇
33.What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in Paragraph 2
refer to
?
Pay special attention to
reference
in reading comprehension.
Some basic information about reference
?
In many ways my disability has made me grow stronger and more independent. I have had to work hard to live a normal life, but it has been worth it . If I had the chance to say
one thing
to healthy kids, it would be this:
Just having a disability doesn’t mean your life is not satisfying
. So don’t feel sorry for the disabled or make fun of them, and don’t ignore them
either. Just accept them for who they are and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do.
我发现：
指代词以
居多。（人称代词，指示代词 等）
Tip:
阅读中遇到代词要留心，
需标注
，有意识推敲其指代
(1)
关于指代的“二三事”
代词
Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers
which
they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.
2017
全国
III
卷
D
篇
……
What does “which” refer to?
The passage is mainly about
.
我发现：指代词
还包括定语从句的
，常常需要搞清指代，可帮助我们判断文章的
关键词。
(2)
关于指代的“二三事”
、
关系词
Hundreds of people have formed impressions of you through that little device(
装置
) on your desk. And they’ve never actually met you. Everything they know about you came through this device, sometimes from hundreds of miles away. Yet they feel they can know you just from the sound of your voice. That’s how powerful the telephone is.
….
Sitting back in the car on the way to the airport, I figured it all out. Rani’s friendliness ---her warm smile, her nods, her “I’m here for you” attitude—were all silent signals that didn’t travel through
wires
.
Q
：
What does
“
wires
”
refer to?
the telephone
the telephone
我发现：
除了代词指代，还可以用
来进行指代，可以让文章表达
。
Tip:
需要养成联系
上下文
，
翻译
推敲的习惯。
词汇
(3)
关于指代的“二三事”
丰富多样
1
In many ways my disability has made me grow stronger and more independent. I have had to work hard to live a normal life, but
it
has been worth
it
. If I had the chance to say one thing to healthy kids, it
would be
this:
Just having a disability doesn’t mean your life is not satisfying
. So don’t feel sorry for
the disabled
or make fun of
them
, and don’t ignore them
either. Just accept them for who they are and give them
encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do.
我发现：
指示代词既可以
指，也可
指；
指代信息既可在
句，也可在
句。
Tip:
在阅读中养成从
同句
到
上下句
寻找替代信息，同时
翻译理解
的习惯。
(4)
关于指代的“二三事”
前
后
同一
上下
1
练一练
，说一说
2017
全国
I
卷
D
篇
A build-it-yourself solar still
（
蒸馏器
）
is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it
’
s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it
’
s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5
’
×5
’
sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container
—
perhaps just a drinking cup
—
to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase
the water catcher
’
s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up
—
and out of the side of the hole.
33. What does the underlined phrase
“
the water catcher
”
in Paragraph 2 refer to ?
A. The tube. B. The still C. The hole. D. The cup.
1
练一练，说一说
2017
全国
I
卷
C
篇
……
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It
’
s Jason Moran
’
s job to help change
that
. As the Kennedy Center
’
s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
29.What does the underlined word
“
that
”
in Paragraph 3 refer to?
Jazz becoming more accessible.
The production of jazz growing faster.
Jazz being less popular with the young.
The jazz audience becoming larger.
那些把我们搞晕的“指代们”
Why are some reference difficult to understand
?
They could consume
?
in the shortest period
characters
1
However, after watching the current generation of teens stuck in the troubled waters of technology, I had little confidence in the survival of the book. I felt sure that the book would be a thing of the past which the Twitter(
推特
) world had already overtaken, limiting the imagination of this generation to the few characters that they could
consume
in the shortest period.
Q: What does “that” refer to?
A
：
the few characters B. this generation C. the imagination
我发现：
含有定语从句的长句，需要对
的指代进行仔细推敲
翻译理解
。
Tip:
可将
还原回从句
,
结合
上下文
来正确理解句意。
(1)
那些让我们晕乎乎的
“
指代们
”—
长难句中的定语从句指代
先行词
关系词
Even China’s population will be declining by the early 2030s, according to the UN, which projects that by 2050 populations will be lower than they are today in 50 countries.
Try to translate the sentence.
练一练
，说一说
The Economist Jun.5, 2006
In 1901, H.G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. When the explorers landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities. They expressed their surprises to the “moon people ”they met. In turn, the “moon people" expressed their surprise. “Why,”they asked, “are you travelling to outer space when you don’t even use your inner space?”
H.G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon. In 1969, human beings really did land on the moon. People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. However, the question that the “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about
it.
Q
：
What does “it” refer to ?
(2)
那些把我们搞晕的
“
指代们
”—
分隔指代
我发现：
所指代信息离指代词越
，越容易造成理解困难。
Tip:
需要耐心上下逐行搜寻。
远
1
练一练
，说一说
2017
全国
I
卷
D
篇
The discovery of a dwarfed(
矮小的
) “human being” who lived in Flores, Indonesia, up to 18,000 years ago is changing the way we think about the human family. This “Flores Human” was three feet tall and her brain was smaller than that of the average chimp. Yet she and her relatives apparently lived fully human lives. They seem to have made tools, worked together to find food and cook it, and perhaps even buried their dead with ceremony.
It was a major surprise to find tools associated with the new human family member. The tools are like those formerly seen only with European fossils from our own species, Homo sapiens
（智人）
, and the oldest of them were made 94,000 years ago. Homo sapiens is thought to have arrived in the island about 40,000 years ago, much too late to be responsible for the tools. If this
tiny human
made the tools, then the inside structure of its brain must have been more like our own than a chimp’s, despite being just a third the size of ours.
Q
：
What does “tiny human” refer to?
A
：
Homo Sapiens B: Flores Human
Schipper, now a 17-year-old from Brisbane with a bright future of going to Athens for her first Olympics, yesterday recalled her time with Shane Gould five years ago.
“ I was at a national youth camp on the Gold Coast and Shane had come along to talk to us and watch us train,” Schipper explained. “It seemed as if we had long been good friends. I don’t know why. We just started talking and
it
went from there.”
(3
）那些把我们搞晕的
“
指代们
”—
隐形指代
我发现：
有些指代并没有在上下文
显示出来
Tip:
需要分析
上下语境翻译
，
进行合理的
推理、判断、归纳。
friendship
直接
练一练
,
说一说
2017
全国
I
卷
B
篇
I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when
it
works,
it
is simply beautiful.
Q: What do the two “it” refer to? Do they refer to the same thing?
Try to explain the sentence in your own way.
Possible version:
When the rescue works, the outcome is simply beautiful.
What is reference?
2. What basic information about reference have we learnt?
Why are some references difficult to understand?
4. What should we do to have a better understanding of reference while reading?
Summary
Homework
1. Review what you have leant about reference.
2. Finish the exercise by applying reference
analysis.
!! !
Do not just tick (
√
)your answer.
!! !
Do explain your reason for your answer by carefully analyzing the key sentence(s).
Pay attention to reference
TIP:
画出指示词→从本句到上下句推敲→直接指代还是需要归纳信息→翻译判断信息；
2016
全国
III
卷
C
篇
Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people
who
are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets,
it
can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio
which
was grown by the Romans. Although
it
doesn’t taste of anything special,
it’
s still worth a try, as is the knobby(
多疙瘩的
) Cat’s Head
which
is more of a curiosity than anything else.
26.
What can we learn about Decio?
A. It is a new variety B. It has a strange look.
C. It is rarely seen now. D. It has a special taste
HOMEWORK